Client Paper Essay Example for Free

Customer Paper Essay Human assistance experts, or partners, will probably work with various customers, each with their own arrangement of issues. These issues can run from physical maltreatment and disregard, maturing issues including demise and kicking the bucket, and various different issues concerning the fundamental needs of life. Issues can likewise incorporate the a wide range of circumstances individuals end up in either because of life decisions or out of no deficiency of their own. These issues may incorporate vagrancy, battle veteran issues, and psychological sickness. Whatever the issue or issues are, it is the obligation of the aide to utilize a wide scope of abilities to evaluate customer needs, make a treatment plan, and offer assets and passionate help to the customer as they achieve the objectives remembered for the treatment plan. These aptitudes incorporate correspondence, sympathy, empathy, persistence, explanatory abilities, and cooperation. A scope of issues faces human administrations customers â€Å"Problems for customers are once in a while single issues, and the human help proficient should move toward every customer with the desire for more than one problem.† (Woodside McClam, 2011, p. 131) Every issue that a customer presents with can't be anticipated. Truth be told, customer issues include a wide scope of necessities and conditions. For instance, a customer who is battling with abusive behavior at home may likewise have a requirement for emotional wellness support. A customer with emotional well-being issues may likewise be encountering an absence of food, apparel or haven. The issues confronting customers are exceptionally expansive and it is useful to more readily get them. Issues confronting youngsters and families incorporate physical and sexual maltreatment, destitution, absence of a solid home, or little instruction. Youngsters are particularly defenseless as they can't accommodate themselves. In spite of the fact that â€Å"[t]he best spot to serve kids is in their home and with a family,† there might be a need for position in child care or, now and again, appropriation (Moffat, 2011, p. 5). The older additionally faceâ unique issues, for example, absence of portability, losing their autonomy, and end of life issues. At the point when the old can no longer think about themselves, finding in-home consideration or arrangement in helped living or nursing home offices turns into the core interest. Moreover, the older may battle with a portion of the essential needs of life, for example, food, safe house and apparel. Settlers, veterans, and individuals with incapacities face different issues in the human help field. Outsiders battle with adjusting to another culture in another nation just as learning another dialect. Foreigners may have issues with discovering business, lodging, and legitimate assistance, too. Veterans need help with changing in accordance with regular citizen life including modifying their ranges of abilities to coordinate work openings. Battle veterans particularly battle with physical and mental handicaps and are needing suitable administrations for recovery. Debilitated individuals face difficulties in close to home consideration just as business, incorporating issues with recovery and adjusting to their inabilities. The requirement for private or gathering care offices may likewise be at issue for the crippled network. Issues with substance misuse and fixation, psychological instability, and customers with criminal records additionally exist. A considerable lot of these issues exist together in a client’s life and should be tended to all in all. â€Å". . . the customer is an individual contained mental, social, financial, instructive, professional, and profound measurements and potentially will have needs in huge numbers of those areas.† (Woodside McClam, 2011, p. 132) Specific helping aptitudes can be utilized with customers Basic to the helping procedure is information and practice of expert and relational aptitudes that help the human assistance proficient in viably tending to the requirements of customers. These abilities incorporate correspondence, sympathy, empathy, tolerance, diagnostic aptitudes, and cooperation. Boss among these are relational and relational abilities, since more laborers manage an assortment of people† (Moffat, 2011, p.9). Crafted by human assistance experts focuses on building connections of trust with the customer. It is the obligation of the assistant to encourage successful correspondence. Listening is crucial to the procedure. So as to completely get a handle on the customer circumstance, the aide needs to watch both the verbal and nonverbal messages. Listening includes payingâ attention to the two words and activities as they go connected at the hip in understanding the all out message being given. G.E. Egan presented the SOLER idea for responsive tuning in. Learnin g this idea can be helpful to the human assistance proficient (Egan, 2010). Subtleties of the SOLER idea are outlined in the accompanying table: S Face customer Squarely O Receive an Open stance L Lean toward the individual E Keep in touch R Attempt to be moderately Relaxed Notwithstanding the SOLER technique, focusing on vocal tone and discourse rate, and verbal following of the client’s message will show going to conduct and help the correspondence procedure (Ivey, Ivey Zalaquette, 2009). The partner can urge the customer to examine their issues transparently by not changing the subject they have picked. Compelling listening shows sympathy for the customer and makes a chance to show compassion and persistence, extra abilities that are fundamental to the accomplishment of the human assistance field. Customers in the human help field originate from an assortment of circumstances. Their qualities and conviction frameworks differ generally as much as their issues do. So as to viably help individuals, assistants need to create acknowledgment and comprehension of these distinctions. Unrestricted acknowledgment of the customer is fundamental to the achievement of treatment. Assistants need to see the circumstance and experience sentiments from the vie wpoint of their customer. Tolerance is essential for the helping procedure as there are probably going to be misfortunes or protection from the treatment plan. Assistants ought to figure out how to adjust their methodology as the circumstance changes; which prompts the expertise of basic reasoning. â€Å"The capacity to think innovatively encourages laborers decide approaches to get around obstacles that meddle with clients’ endeavors to succeed† (Moffat, 2011, p.10). All through the helping procedure, an assortment of changes is boundâ to happen. Regardless of whether these are certain or negative changes, customer and human help proficient must cooperate to manage them and keep on pushing ahead with the help procedure. Utilizing logical and critical thinking aptitudes, aides can defeat the barriers to treatment and persistently move in the direction of arrangements. Treatment regularly includes organizing with various different experts and using an assortment of assets. Having the option to function admirably as a group is another basic ability for human assistance experts. Analysts, Social Workers, Mental Health Facilitato rs and Counselors are for the most part members in crafted by human administrations. Utilizing correspondence, sympathy, empathy, tolerance, scientific abilities, and collaboration, the partner can successfully perceive and characterize the assortment of customer issues that exist and work with them towards achieving the objective of the helping procedure, which is to energize obligation and advance self improvement. References Egan, G.E. (2010). The talented Helper: A difficult administration and opportunity advancement way to deal with helping (ninth ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., Zalaquett, C. P. (2009). Purposeful talking and guiding: Facilitating customer improvement in a multicultural society (seventh ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Moffat, C. (2011). Aiding those out of luck: Human assistance laborers. Word related Outlook Quarterly, 55(3), 22-32. Woodside, M., McClam, T. (2011). A prologue to human administrations (seventh ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage.

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969

Social liberties Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969 This social liberties development course of events centers around the battles last years when a few activists grasped dark force, and pioneers no longer spoke to the government to end isolation, on account of the order of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In spite of the fact that the section of such enactment was a significant triumph for social liberties activists, Northern urban communities kept on experiencing accepted isolation, or isolation that was the aftereffect of monetary imbalance instead of unfair laws. Accepted isolation was not as effectively tended to as the authorized isolation that had existed in the South, and Martin Luther King Jr. spent the mid-to-late 1960s taking a shot at benefit of both highly contrasting Americans living in neediness. African-Americansâ in Northern urban communities turned out to be progressively disappointed with the moderate pace of progress, and various urban communities experienced mobs. Some went to the dark force development, feeling that it had a superior possibility of redressing the kind of segregation that existed in the North. Before the decade's over, white Americans had moved their consideration away from the social liberties development to the Vietnam War, and the strong long stretches of progress and triumph experienced by social liberties activists in the mid 1960s reached a conclusion with Kings assassinationâ in 1968. 1965 On Feb. 21, Malcolm X is killed in Harlem at the Audubon Ballroom obviously by Nation of Islamâ operatives, albeit different speculations abound.On March 7, 600 social equality activists, including Hosea Williams of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and John Lewis of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), leave Selma, Ala., voyaging eastbound on Route 80 toward Montgomery, Ala. They are walking to fight the killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson, an unarmed demonstrator killed during a walk the earlier month by an Alabama state trooper. State troopers and neighborhood police stop the marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge, beating them with clubs just as showering them with water hoses and tear gas.On March 9, King drives a walk to the Pettus connect, turning the marchers around at the bridge.On March 21, 3,000 marchers leave Selma for Montgomery, finishing the walk without opposition.On March 25, around 25,000 individuals join the Selma marchers at the Montgome ry city limits. On Aug. 6, President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act into law, which bans biased democratic necessities, such as expecting individuals to finish education tests before they enlisted to cast a ballot. White Southerners had utilized this procedure to disappoint blacks.On Aug. 11, an uproar breaks out in Watts, an area of Los Angeles, after a battle emits between a white traffic official and a dark man blamed for driving under the influence. The official captures the man and a portion of his relatives who had shown up at the scene. Bits of gossip about police mercilessness, in any case, bring about six days of revolting in Watts. Thirty-four individuals, for the most part African Americans, bite the dust during the mob. 1966 On Jan. 6, SNCC reports its resistance to the Vietnam War. SNCC individuals would feel expanding compassion toward the Vietnamese, contrasting the aimless shelling of Vietnam with racial viciousness in the United States.On Jan. 26, King moves into a condo in a Chicago ghetto, reporting his aim to begin a crusade against segregation there. This because of the expanding turmoil in Northern urban communities over partiality and accepted isolation. His endeavors there are eventually considered unsuccessful.On June 6, James Meredith sets out on a March Against Fear from Memphis, Tenn., to Jackson, Miss., to urge dark Mississippians to enroll to cast a ballot. Close Hernando, Miss., Meredith is shot. Others take up the walk, joined every so often by King.On June 26, the marchers arrive at Jackson. During the most recent days of the walk, Stokely Carmichael and other SNCC individuals conflict with King after they urge the baffled marchers to grasp the trademark of dark power.On Oct. 15, Hue y P. Newton and Bobby Seale found the Black Panther Party in Oakland, Calif. They need to make another political association to better the states of African Americans. Their objectives incorporate better work and instructive open doors just as improved lodging. 1967 On April 4, King gives a discourse against the Vietnam War at Riverside Church in New York.On June 12, the Supreme Court pass on a choice in Loving v. Virginia, upsetting laws against interracial marriage as unconstitutional.In July, riots break out in Northern urban areas, including Buffalo, N.Y., Detroit, Mich. also, Newark, N.J.On Sept. 1, Thurgood Marshall turns into the main African American delegated to the Supreme Court.On Nov. 7, Cal Stokes is chosen city hall leader of Cleveland, making him the primary African American to fill in as chairman of a significant American city.In November, King reports the Poor Peoples Campaign, a development to join poor people and disappointed of America, paying little mind to race or religion. 1968 On April 11, President Johnsonâ signsâ the Civil Rights Act of 1968â (or the Fair Housing Act) into law, which restricts separation by dealers or leaseholders of property.Exactly seven days earlier, Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinatedâ as he remains on the gallery outside his inn room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tenn. Lord visited the city to support African American sanitation laborers there whod began a strike on Feb. 11.Between February and May, African American understudies fight at significant colleges, including Columbia University and Howard University, requesting changes in staff, living courses of action, and curriculum.Between May 14 and June 24, more than 2500 ruined Americans set up a camp called Resurrection City in Washington, D.C., under the initiative of the Rev. Ralph Abernathy, who is attempting to complete Kings vision. The dissent finishes in uproars and captures without the solid initiative of King. 1969 Among April and May, African American understudies hold fights at colleges, including Cornell University and North Carolina A T University in Greensboro, requesting changes, for example, a Black Studies program and the employing of African American faculty.On Dec. 4, Fred Hampton, director of the Illinois Black Panther party, is shot and slaughtered by police during an attack. A government excellent jury discredits the polices statement that they terminated upon Hampton just in self-protection, yet nobody is ever arraigned for Hamptons murdering.

Bluetooth technology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bluetooth innovation - Term Paper Example Bluetooth is another method of transmitting signals from a gadget to another without the utilization of wires. Subsequently, Bluetooth is utilized as an open remote convention in the trading of information over little separations, from fixed and portable assets and making individual zone organize. Bluetooth can interface various gadgets as it can beat troubles related with synchronization. Bluetooth innovation signals go through dividers, entryways, windows and it can arrive at numerous remote gadgets associated with it gave they are on its method of movement. It is likewise utilized in web partaking for a situation where the two gadgets are Bluetooth introduced. So as to utilize Bluetooth innovation one needs to guarantee that Bluetooth is running and this is shown by a symbol that shows up on the framework plate. In many Windows administrators, it is found in the control board. There are different manners by which electronic gadgets with Bluetooth innovation can be connected to each other. This can happen with part links, Ethernet links, infrared signs, Wi-Fi and electrical links. Bluetooth organizing innovation moves information utilizing low force radio waves. It for the most part conveys on a recurrence, which is around 2.45 gigahertz as per Palanivelu/nakkeeran (78). This recurrence has been concurred on universally with the end goal of modern, logical and clinical (ISM) gadgets use. Different gadgets have had the option to utilize this radio recurrence band. Bluetooth can bolster information paces of around 721 Kbps and three voice channels simultaneously. The modules of Bluetooth can be incorporated with the electronic gadgets or it tends to be utilized as a connector. For example on account of a PC they can be inbuilt as a PC card or appended remotely through the USB port. Every gadget has had a remarkable 48-piece address, which is given by the IEEE 802 standard whereby the association

Cherbourg

Cherbourg CherbourgCherbourg is a city that lies in the northwestern piece of France. It is a piece of Normandy, a district and previous area. Cherbourg sits along the English Channel, on the northern purpose of the Cotentin promontory, in the ?Manch office? of France. It has been settled since old occasions. It currently has a populace of about 27to 29 thousand people.If you were to head out via vehicle to Cherbourg it would be a long and exhausted excursion. Cherboug is here and there supposed to be ?the apocalypse?. Be that as it may, at that point it opens up to an excellent open harbor with numerous ships.A maritime base is positioned at Cherbourg. It is likewise a seaport. A portion of the businesses of the town include: timber, coal, and shipbuilding. Submarines, oil big haulers, gadgets, and metals are likewise made here.There was a fight over the control of the city among France and England.Plaque commã ©morative, focus culturel de Cherbour...

Freedom of Choice in A Clockwork Orange Essays -- essays research pape

Opportunity of Choice In the novel A Clockwork Orange, the creator Anthony Burgess recounts to an anecdote about a youngster name Alex and his companions, each night they go around and begin submitting vicious acts. In the novel Alex communicates his opportunity of decision among great and insidiousness. The opportunity of decision is a choice that each individual must make for an incredible duration so as to direct his moves and to make control of his own future. This Freedom of Choice, regardless of what the result is, shows individual force as an individual, and any endeavors to control or impact this decision among great and insidiousness will take way the individual through and through freedom and oppress him. In this novel the creator utilizes this imagery through symbolism. He shows that through the character of Alex, and the main individual account perspective to demonstrate that without the capacity to pick among great and malice individual turns into a slave. In this novel Alex shows his opportunity of decision among great and malice, which is that, his prevalence over the guiltless and the feeble. In the start of the novel he decides to be malicious, he gives us that by submitting viciousness act like taking, assaulting, and furthermore killing a blameless individual which he got captured for and put into jail for around 12 years. The sum viciousness he submits shows his maltreatment of intensity and his choices toward fiendish. The fierce demonstrations that are depicted in this novel are extremely graphical and are expected to stun the peruser yet they likewise show that the concealment of others isn't right, since it is ruinous to the common privileges of people. Alex reliably picks underhandedness and viciousness to show his opportunity of decision, ?Now I was prepared for a touch of twenty-to-one . . . at that point I split this veck pg 7. Alex beats, assaults, and ransacks the powerless and ... ...lence. This idea is essential to the peruser's comprehension of how close the opportunity of decision is identified with singular force. The exhibit of his choice and his loss of intensity through the nonattendance of decision is adequately practiced using first individual portrayal. All through this novel, creator Anthony Burgess has indicated us numerous parts of opportunity of decision and its maltreatment. Through solid images in symbolism, Alex's portrayal, and his perspective, the nonattendance of decision is demonstrated as the most ignored depravation of individual opportunity. In everybody's life, the battle for power exists in all circumstances. The choice among great and shrewdness is the opportunity that everybody must have as a person. The decision of which way to take is dependant on the individual and the circumstance, however the acknowledgment that both exist is a force unto itself. Opportunity of Choice in A Clockwork Orange Essays - expositions look into pape Opportunity of Choice In the novel A Clockwork Orange, the creator Anthony Burgess recounts to a tale about a youngster name Alex and his companions, each night they go around and begin submitting brutal acts. In the novel Alex communicates his opportunity of decision among great and insidiousness. The opportunity of decision is a choice that each individual must make for an amazing duration so as to manage his moves and to make control of his own future. This Freedom of Choice, regardless of what the result is, shows individual force as an individual, and any endeavors to control or impact this decision among great and malice will take way the individual through and through freedom and oppress him. In this novel the creator utilizes this imagery through symbolism. He shows that through the character of Alex, and the primary individual account perspective to demonstrate that without the capacity to pick among great and malevolence individual turns into a slave. In this novel Alex shows his opportunity of decision among great and insidiousness, which is that, his predominance over the guiltless and the frail. In the start of the novel he decides to be abhorrent, he gives us that by submitting brutality act like taking, assaulting, and furthermore killing an honest individual which he got captured for and put into jail for around 12 years. The sum viciousness he submits shows his maltreatment of intensity and his choices toward underhanded. The brutal demonstrations that are portrayed in this novel are graphical and are planned to stun the peruser yet they likewise show that the concealment of others isn't right, since it is dangerous to the characteristic privileges of people. Alex reliably picks malice and savagery to show his opportunity of decision, ?Now I was prepared for a touch of twenty-to-one . . . at that point I split this veck pg 7. Alex beats, assaults, and ransacks the feeble and ... ...lence. This idea is critical to the peruser's comprehension of how close the opportunity of decision is identified with singular force. The show of his unrestrained choice and his loss of intensity through the nonattendance of decision is successfully cultivated using first individual portrayal. All through this novel, creator Anthony Burgess has demonstrated us numerous parts of opportunity of decision and its maltreatment. Through solid images in symbolism, Alex's portrayal, and his perspective, the nonattendance of decision is demonstrated as the most ignored depravation of individual opportunity. In everybody's life, the battle for power exists in all circumstances. The choice among great and fiendishness is the opportunity that everybody must have as a person. The decision of which way to take is dependant on the individual and the circumstance, however the acknowledgment that both exist is a force unto itself.

Riot Recommendation Food Writing

Riot Recommendation Food Writing On the short list of Things I Love As Much as I Love Books, food takes one of the top spots. I love to cook. I love to eat. I love to eat with the people I love and talk about what were eating, then go home and talk about what we ate and what were going to eat next. The kitchen has been the center of every one of my homes. I love food. It would seem obvious, then, to combine my love of books with my love of foodand it is. But it took me nearly 30 years to realize it. Sometimes Im slow at these things. On a totally-planned-around-food trip to Charleston, SC back in January (boy, do they know from hush puppies!), a copy of Ruth Reichls Tender at the Bone called to me from the shelves of a cozy used bookstore. I couldnt resist, and Im so happy that I didnt try to. Virtually every moment that I didnt spend eating, sleeping, or walking from A Place Where You Eat to The Place Where You Sleep, I spent curled up with this book. Reichl made me understand, in a way I had never considered before (see above re: sometimes Im slow at things), that while I use books to make sense of the worldthey are the lens through which I view and interpret lifeother people use food. (And, Im sure, others still use music, or dance, or painting, or underwater basket weaving.) Food as something more than nourishment, entertainment, a reason to gather with loved ones. Amazing! Something clicked with that reading, and in the months since, Ive read Reichls second memoir,  Comfort Me with Apples, Anthony Bourdains first, Kitchen Confidential, and a handful of food memoir-ish magazine articles. And Imwait for ithungry for more. So, what should I add to my foodie TBR list? What are your favorite food memoirs, essay collections, and contemplations of the eating life? Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

Examining the disinvestment of psus in India - Free Essay Example

These days government is using disinvestment as strategic tool to raise capital. Money collected from disinvestment is used to fill the fiscal deficit and is used for other purposes. This is helping other poor performing PSUs to revive. Government made mandatory to float at least 10% in 2009. In 2010 government has again mandated to float 25 % shares of listed company for retail investors. Here we will see what is disinvestment, how it is done what are the steps government has taken to use this money. INTRODUCTION Disinvestment of PSU means the sale of public sector equity leading to a dilution of the governments stake. In India the term disinvestment is used rather than privatization. Privatization means change in ownership resulting into change in management while disinvestment may or may not result into a change of management. A well designed disinvestment program helps in the long term growth process through increased foreign investment, technology transfer and the subsequent enhancements in the productivity. Public sector undertakings are organizations started by Indian government as government companies under the companies act or as statutory corporation under specific statutes of parliament. PSUs do not have autonomy as most of their decisions relating to capital expenditure, acquisitions and investments have to be approved by the Public Investment Board , Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs and the central government. The control on PSUs is also exercised through the CAG, Central Vigilance Commission and the CBI. The public sector presence is predominant in public utilities and infrastructure, railways, post telegraph, ports, airports and power are dominated by PSUs or department-owned enterprises. In the roads sector, while some roads are owned and maintained by the private sector, publicly owned and maintained roads dominate. Road freight capacity is almost entirely private, while road passenger traffic capacity is also significantly privately owned and managed. In telecom, the public sector continues to be dominant in the provision of fixed line telephone services, while private licensees are operating in some urban areas. Mobile services are predominantly private, particularly in urban areas, while inter-state and international linking services are significantly privately managed and owned. There were 5 PSUs owned by the central government at the beginning of the first five year plan with a total investment of Rs.29 crore. By the end of the seventh plan in 1990, the number of PSUs had increased to 244 with a total investment of Rs.99,329 crore. Thereafter, though the capital invested increased to Rs.3,93,057 crore in 2005-06, the number of PSUs declined to 239. At present there are35 PSUs in the BSE 200 index with market capitalization of 3,84,000 crore. OBJECTIVE Disinvestment was flagged off in 1991 without any clear cut objectives. The stated objective was to raise resources to finance fiscal deficit. Policy on disinvestment arose largely through statement of finance ministers in their budget speeches. In the budget 1991-92, this was announced by the government that disinvestment upto 20 per cent of equity in selected PSUs in the favor of mutual fund and other financial institution in the public sector to increase the base in shareholding, improvement in management, increase availability of resource for these PSUs . In 2001, the government introduced a special provision for setting aside a quota for shares for small investors and workers. The government set out the following policies in respect of PSUs; bring down government shares in all non strategic PSUs to 26%. Initially in 1991-92 resorted to building operations wherein shares were offered only in bundles of good, very good, and average companies. This resulted in disinvestment at very low prices. The government then realized that framing proper strategies for disinvestment was essential. The government of India then set up a committee under the chairmanship of the former RBI governor, C.Rangrajan, in 1993. The committee identified following objectives as a part of its long-term strategy; 1). To strengthen PSUs, where appropriate in order to facilitate disinvestment 2). To protect employees interest 3). To broad base ownership 4). To augment receipts of the government. DISINVESTMENT MACHINERY From 1991-92, when it started and till 1996-97, disinvestment was handled by the Department of Public Enterprises and subsequently, from 1s t April, 1997 till 9th December, 1999, by the Department of Economic Affairs (Ministry of Finance). The Department of Disinvestment was started as a separate department on 10th December, 1999 and was subsequently renamed as Ministry of Disinvestment from 6th September, 2001. After 27th May, 2004, Department of Disinvestment is under the ministry of finance. Rangarajan Committee produced report in April 1993 and recommended the percentage of equity shares for disinvestment should be below 49 per cent in the industry reserved for public sector and more than 74 per cent in others industries. According to Industrial Policy of July, 1991 the following industries were proposed to the public sector: (1) Arms and ammunitions and allied item of defense equipments, defense aircrafts and warship. (2) Nuclear energy. (3) Coal and lignite. (4) Mineral oil. (5) Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur, gold and diamond. (8) Railways DISINVESTMENT PROCEDURES The procedures followed for disinvestment have evolved over a period of time. These were based on decision-making through inter- ministerial consultations and involvement of professionals and experts, in view of the technical and complex nature of transactions and the need for transparency and fair play. The decision making process, the bidding procedure and the methods used for valuation of equity of PSUs sold are described below for the different modes of sales. Government has adopted following methods to sell off shares in PSUs. 1). Bidding 2). Sale of shares in the Market 3). Global Depository Receipts (GDR) route 4.) Cross-holdings 5). Strategic Sales 1). BIDDING In this method Government invites bid for a portion of its stake in PSUs. The Department of Public Enterprises invites closed bids from government financial institutions and mutual funds. The tendering process is driven by a reserve price based on valuation models such as net asset value, earning potential and previous realizations if available. The Government offered shares un bundles of very good, good, and average. The emphasis of the government in the initial years was on the disinvestment of the equity and retaining the controlling block. 2). SALE OF SHARES IN THE MARKET During 1991-99 shares of companies like IOC, BPCL, HPCL, GAIL, and VSNL were sold in the market. The shares of these blue chip companies were sold at price-earnings between 4.5 and 6.0. The offer of sale of shares in the primary market increases the public ownership in these PSUs through retail participation resulting in better price discovery, increasing the floating stock of the company and deepening the capital market. The IPO route is suitable during strong secondary market conditions. The wealth created through this can be shared equitably with public at large. However public issue does not result into change in management style and functioning of the companies. 3). GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS ROUTE The government decided to tap the overseas market for disinvestment due to sluggish capital market conditions. In, March 1997 VSNL disinvestment took place through the GDR issue which was priced at USD 13.93 and was oversubscribed 10 times. The disinvestment through domestic ADR or GDR market was not productive. 4.) CROSS-HOLDINGS Here one big PSU were told to hold the share of another big PSU. This was done mainly for cash rich oil companies. The swapping of shares within oil companies took place just before the close of 1998-99. This cross-holding of IOC buying 10 percent government stake in ONGC and 5 percent stake in GAIL, ONGC buying 10 percent in IOC and 5 percent in GAIL and GAIL buying 2.5 percent in ONGC helped the government gather 4,867 crore at the end of the year. 5). STRATEGIC SALES Strategic sale is sale of equity blocks of a PSU to a single buyer accompanied by the transfer of management to the private investor. Disinvestment commission in 1996 advocated strategic sales. Under strategic sale, the government transfers part of its holdings to a strategic partner who would control the operation and financial policy of the enterprise. The first strategic sale was of Modern Food where government offloaded 74 percent of its equity to Hindustan Lever. RESOLUTION BY GOVERNMENT In pursuance of the policy laid down in the National Common Minimum Program in 2005 the Government of India decided to constitute a separate fund, with the name and style of the National Investment Fund, with the following objectives, structure, investment strategy and administrative arrangements. OBJECTIVE (i) The proceeds from disinvestment of PSUs will be channelized into the National Investment Fund which will be maintained apart from the consolidated fund of India. (ii) The corpus money of National Investment Fund will be of permanent nature. (iii) Fund will be professionally managed to provide good return to Government, without eroding the corpus money. Few public sectors Mutual Fund will be equipped with the management of corpus money of fund. (iv) 75% of the annual income of the fund will go to finance selected social schemes, which will promote education system, health care and employment. Rest 25% of the annual income of the fund will go to meet the capital investment requirement of profitable and revivable PSUs that produce good returns, in order to increase their capital base to finance expansion or diversification. STRUCTURE AND ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENT The National Investment Fund will be operated by the selected expert fund managers under discretionary mode of portfolio management scheme, under the SEBI guidelines. The entire work of the National Investment Fund will be supervised by CEO of the fund, an officer of the rank of Joint Secretary or Additional Secretary of the Government of India. A part time advisory board of three best persons, with the required expertise to be appointed by the Government, would give advice the CEO on various aspect of the performance of the Fund. INVESTMENT STRATEGY (i) The broad investment strategy is to provide sustainable good returns without eroding the corpus money. (ii) Investment strategy for funds will be designed by the CEO based on the opinion of the advisory board to ensure that government have good relationships in terms of actual investment done by fund manager. (iii) Only major guidelines are to be given under the discretionary mode to the fund managers, within which individual investment will be done independently by fund manager. Detail guidelines specifying investment instruments and limit for investment in such instruments will be separately given in the agreements entered into between fund manager and the CEO of the Fund on account of the Government. (iv) Other operational detail such as allocation of money to selected fund manager, negotiation of management fees and charge to be paid to fund manager, etc. will also be decided by the CEO based on the opinion of the advisory board. (v) Suitable mechanism for regular review and monitor of the performance of fund, coming market trends and forthcoming prospect will be made regularly.

Aging With Grace By David Snowdon - 1684 Words

Promoting Shalom with Older Adults Aging with Grace by David Snowdon does a fantastic job at addressing different issues that older adults face when it comes to cognitive function. However, Snowdon does not limit this book to just that. He conducted a research project where he interacted with the older generation of nuns. Originally, he treated them as just test subjects in his study of Alzheimer’s disease. As his research progressed, he soon realized that he could not just treat the nuns like lab rats. One of the younger nuns approached him and said â€Å"I’ll move forward with your request, buy you need to listen carefully to what I am about to say. No matter what you do, I want you to remember who these women are. They are real people. Very dear to us. They are holy people, too. I don’t want you to treat them as research subjects. Get to know them. Understand that many of the older sisters were the teachers or mentors of the younger sisters, and we treat them with the care and respect they deserve, we will expect nothing less from you.† He needed to get to know each one of them as an individual rather than part of his experiment. He began getting to know their past and how that has affected each of them to this day. Through his research, he go to know the nuns physical state. Snowdon also took the time to learn more about their spiritual, emotional, and psychological well-being as well. He was a good example of what every Christian nurse should strive for when working toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Memory (SPEECH OUTLINE)1148 Words   |  5 Pagesof them can help to counteract these common malfunctions. III. There are steps you can take to preserve the functioning of your memory. A. The earlier you start, the better. Cite: Dr. David Snowdon (University of Kentucky), epidemiologist with interest in Alzheimers disease, author, Aging with Grace 1. Snowdon conducted a study of nuns in order to help determine how to prevent Alzheimers disease. 2. Alzheimers is a serious disease which affects 1 in 2 Americans age 85 or older. 3. Predictors

Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Interpretation Bias...

The current study was designed to explore whether people with chronic musculoskeletal pain show interpretation bias favoring pain-related interpretations of ambiguous real-world images with both possible pain-related and non-pain related interpretations. The results did not support the hypothesis that chronic musculoskeletal pain participants, compared to healthy control participants, would interpret ambiguous real-world images in pain-related ways. No significant effects were found for written responses or endorsement of statements. Interpretation bias has been found in studies using homophone, homonym, and the word-stem completion task. For example, Pincus et al. (1994) found individuals with chronic pain made more pain-related†¦show more content†¦According to the Threat Interpretation Model proposed by Todd et al. (2015) recently, the degree of perceived threat of pain has an impact on whether an individual will demonstrate cognitive bias towards the stimuli. The associa tion between perceived threat and cognitive bias is mediated by sustained attention. When threat is in medium level, chronic pain patients have difficult disengaging from pain-related stimuli while healthy individuals can disengage quickly in order to maintain positive mood. However, when the level of threat is either very low or very high, chronic pain patients tend to avoid pain-related stimuli, as proposed by fear-avoidant models (Todd et al., 2015). In the current study, pre-experiment ratings showed that ambiguous images were much less arousing than pain-related images. It is possible that lack of threat in ambiguous images precluded observable interpretation bias in chronic pain patients. Secondly, priori power calculation showed a sample size of 52 was needed to reach a power of 0.8 with a large effect size. However, only 42 participants were successfully recruited, which reduced the power of the current study. However, previous studies with similar sample sizes (Pincus et al ., 1996) found evidence of cognitive biases in chronic pain patients. On the other hand, we assumed a large effect size based on

Theses about Do People Have Free Will

Free will is the ability of agents to make choices free from certain kinds of constraints. According to the historical views, the constraint of dominant concern is the metaphysical constraint of determinism. The opposing positions within various debates are metaphysical libertarianism, the claim that determinism is not true and thus free will exists and hard determinism, the claim that determinism is true and thus that free will does not be there. These positions, which agree that causal determination is the relevant factor in the question of free will, are classed as incompatibility. Those who do not believe that determinism is relevant are classified as compatibilists, and offer several alternative explanations of what constraints are relevant, such as physical and mental constraints (e.g. imprisonment or chains), social constraints (e.g. censure or threat of punishment), and psychological constraints (e.g. phobias or compulsions).The principle of free will has scientific, ethical, and religious implications. For example, according to the religious realm, free will implies that individual choices and will can coexist with an omnipotent divinity. In other ethics, it may hold implications regarding whether individuals can be held morally fit for their actions. If time was not the way it appears, even though it is relative and subjective to other events, can we at least know that the past is gone, now is the present, and the future is coming?   This goes along with the discussion of free will vs. determinism- if time could be existing linearly (even if it is subjective and relative), then we cannot that say we have freedom.   If all time exists already and does not occur chronologically, then the future and past present are already there and how can we be said to have any freedom. If, as in Augustines version of time (p 239), God exists outside of time and we exist inside it, but this does not mean that everything has already happened, even if we seem to appear to be living through it chronologically.   It is very true that we cannot live if that is the case. We cannot possibly see into the future if all time is simultaneous. It is also impossible to see into the future if time is chronologically linear.   Moreover, we cannot both see into the future and change the future by acting differently than we predict. This is all explained under occult phenomena.   Philosophers and scientists seem to believe that time is not simultaneous, but naturally chronological.   The past is over, the present is now, and the future is almost to be determined. It looked carefully at any positivity of things outside the confines of scientific explanation. The Magazine called The Skeptical Inquirer’’, offers a large monetary reward to anyone proving any extra sensory phenomenon, and to date, no one has collected the cash.   It is quite possible, for those who insist that they have prevision of future events, that they are merely making very astute predictions based on all previous occurrences (p 300-308).   We may be aware of more than we believe to know, at a subconscious level, and at that subconscious level we may synoptically and critically compile huge amounts of input and have a predictive output of a highly likely future event. Most people do this a lot, and many times we are wrong, but when, once in a while, we are correct, we tend to cling to these correct predictions and see them as extrasensory/occult previsions of future events.   They may be nothing greater than complex critical thinking and logical prediction. We learn from history and become One Peaceful Worldwide Civilization. We are the culmination of the evolution of the fittest warriors and the genetic war winners, so it is an important battle to have the mental stamina to overcome our biologically driven violent tendencies and thoughts.   Chapter 5-1 indicates that we do have the possibility of learning some of the basic and more important lessons of history and, therefore, we do have a chance (maybe for the first time) to stave off the demise of a civilization and to break the pattern that most people objectively observed.   We would always need to (p 307-8) reject and realize the Us-Them mentality (that was once very helpful in survival but is not no longer necessary), stop being so xenophobic and actually aims at educating ourselves so we can learn to appreciate the major differences in other cultures. Other cultures have started as they are for a reason, and learning these reasons can help us accept them and see that we are moving to the end, not so different.   We also need to realize that if we were born in another culture, we would in all likelihood hold the views that the culture holds rather than the ones we hold right now, consequently because of being born here.   We have this particular arbitrary worldview simply because we happen to have been born into this context and not another.   Toleration of what does not harm us can end the us-them mindset.   We also need to consider the myth of race (page 338-40) as the false idea that it is. All of these things will definitely help us overcome and see past religious, social and political differences.   Rational people can and should want to do this.   So, we can learn much from history.   Whether we will or not is a very subjective viewpoint. However, if we do not, our culture, objectively speaking, is probably head ed for the same demise as every other civilization since the start of time. As said by Toynbee, the trend is for the next civilization to pick up the other best parts and resuscitate them into the civilization if we do die.   This might not be the worst thing in terms of the general history of civilizations in the world, but it doesnt seem so more from our perspective as we are the ones going down.   As we move to chapter 4-3 we are able to see some of the concepts about freedom and determinism. The hand that is dealt to us represents determinism; the way we play it is free will.   (p 256) As human beings we would love to see this idea talked about in discussion. Free will is a true philosophic topic that is not the same as freedom/liberation.   It is a question of whether we have free will over our actions or whether we are determined by a materialistic universe. Various free will debate usually comes down to the idea that we are free because we have something other than our material selves (like a soul or a mind- a la Cartesian duality) that is responsible for allowing us free choice. If we are just material, then the debate has been that we are subject to the physical laws of causality just like every other material thing, and that rules out free will and since the Big Bang have no control over what comes next. The similarity to a collaborative effort yielding something that is more than the sum of its parts would make our brains to become so complex that the collaborative efforts of the brain’s physical/chemical/neurological processes have created an end that is aware of itself (which is what self-awareness probably is). Likewise, these processes have led to our high level of rationality- the mental processes that occur have, in a way, surpassed themselves and can turn around and look at themselves critically. Self-awareness and rat ionality are both abilities we have which can evaluate the actual physical/chemical/neurological processes that created them. Similarly free will is another end result of these complex processes. Also, it is the ability of the physical/chemical/neurological (aka material brain processes) to actually affect the very thing that created them in the first place. Free will is a sum that is much greater than its component parts (the material processes) and which has surpassed the actual processes and is able to influence the very processes that made free will exist in the first place. Another very important idea that restated in other words is that just like a collaborative effort yields more than the sum of its parts, the brain (due to its complexity in chemical and neurological functioning) has yielded end results which are more than the sum of its parts- and we dub them: self-awareness, rationality, and free will. These end results have the ability to affect the very processes that create them. Physical processes, once complex enough, create ends that influence the beginning physical processes. In conclusion, the difficulty of these arguments for compatibilists lies in the fact that it entails the impossibility that one could have chosen other than one has. For example, if someone is a compatibilist and she has just sat down on the sofa, then she is justified to the claim that she could have remained standing, if she had so desired. But it follows from the result argument that, if he/she had remained standing, she would have come up with a contradiction, violated the laws of change or nature. References Schneider, K. Clinical Psychopathology. New York: Grune and Stratton. (1959). Weaver, D. The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, MA: MIT. (1902).

No Heros No Villians - 1488 Words

Sociology 461 Criminal Justice Systems Edward M. Stern No Heroes, No Villains; by Steven Phillips In the book No Heroes, No Villains the author Steve Phillips describes a story of a single dramatic trial of murder it offers a thoughtful and balanced presentation of the problems besetting our criminal courts, lays bare the mechanics of justice, and explains in graphic detail just what is wrong and right about our criminal justice system. Throughout this book there are many important details leading up to the trial of James Richardson. James Richardson was the accused in the case of the deceased NY Police Officer John Skagen. John Skagen was shot to death in a NY subway station on June 28, 1972. The Facts in this case are clear; Officer†¦show more content†¦Pinned to card was a gold Correction Officers Badge. After the investigation it was revealed that the badge was issued to a May Elaine Williams. In the beginning of the book Miss Williams was the victim of a robbery on March 2, 1972 at Marzans pub. At that time her pocket book was stolen. Her badge was in her bag at the time it was stolen. The bag was found and later returned to her by James Richardson, but the badge was never returned. The robbery remained unsolved. The facts were not at all clear to the Police Officers or the attorneys who will soon face this case. The players involved where many, but to name just a few: William M. Kunstler, a very popular and well-liked lawyer, he represented James Richardson. The Author of the book was the prosecutor in this case; he was young and unprepared to becoming an assistant district attorney for this case. But I do have to add that the work he did performed was excellent, but again William Kunstler he was a well-seasoned attorney. The fact that it was a well-known case from all the media outlets already put even more pressure over this new district attorneys head. John Skagens case had no real chance, because of this fact. Sad but true fact The accused James Richardson had the well know William Kunstler, who was very popular, well-liked lawyer with well-known cases. Mr. Kunstler knew exactly how to work the jury. He had the upper hand to begin with in this case. As for the outbursts throughout theShow MoreRelatedJohn Brown as the Villian or Hero Essay1950 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Brown as the Villian or Hero Browns attack on Harpers Ferry affected American culture more than can ever be understood. Tension between the North and South was building in the 1850s. Slavery among many other things was dividing the country into two sections. Brown was executed on December 2, 1859 for his murderous out-lash on society. Was his mind so twisted and demented that he would commit cold-blooded murder? The answer is no. John Brown was a man with a goal and a purpose.Read MoreOliver Cromwell- Hero or Villian? Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesOliver Cromwell: Hero or Villain? Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan MP from Cambridgeshire when Charles I raised his standards in Nottingham, 1642. This was the start of the civil war. Cromwell introduced a new model army to the Parliamentarians which was a superior fighting force that led to the defeat of the Royalists. This influenced people to believe that he were a hero as they were against King Charles I. Cromwell seemed as the only person that would stand up to him. When the king was executedRead MoreThe Hero vs Villian Dichotomy in Beowulf Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesand evil to young and old, light and dark to Christianity and paganism. All these dichotomies are represented clearly in the text; however the concept of Heroes and Villains can be pulled in many different directions. 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Chapter 9 Grim Defeat Free Essays

Professor Dumbledore sent all the Gryffindors back to the Great Hall, where they were joined ten minutes later by the students from Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin, who all looked extremely confused. â€Å"The teachers and I need to conduct a thorough search of the castle,† Professor Dumbledore told them as Professors McGonagall and Flitwick closed all doors into the hall. â€Å"I’m afraid that, for your own safety, you will have to spend the night here. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 9 Grim Defeat or any similar topic only for you Order Now I want the prefects to stand guard over the entrances to the hall and I am leaving the Head Boy and Girl in charge. Any disturbance should be reported to me immediately,† he added to Percy, who was looking immensely proud and important. â€Å"Send word with one of the ghosts.† Professor Dumbledore paused, about to leave the hall, and said, â€Å"Oh, yes, you’ll be needing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One casual wave of his wand and the long tables flew to the edges of the hall and stood themselves against the walls; another wave, and the floor was covered with hundreds of squashy purple sleeping bags. â€Å"Sleep well,† said Professor Dumbledore, closing the door behind him. The hall immediately began to buzz excitedly; the Gryffindors were telling the rest of the school what had just happened. â€Å"Everyone into their sleeping bags!† shouted Percy. â€Å"Come on, now, no more talking! Lights out in ten minutes!† â€Å"C’mon,† Ron said to Harry and Hermione; they seized three sleeping bags and dragged them into a corner. â€Å"Do you think Black’s still in the castle?† Hermione whispered anxiously. â€Å"Dumbledore obviously thinks he might be,† said Ron. â€Å"It’s very lucky he picked tonight, you know,† said Hermione as they climbed fully dressed into their sleeping bags and propped themselves on their elbows to talk. â€Å"The one night we weren’t in the tower†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I reckon he’s lost track of time, being on the run,† said Ron. â€Å"Didn’t realize it was Halloween. Otherwise he’d have come bursting in here.† Hermione shuddered. All around them, people were asking one another the same question: â€Å"How did he get in?† â€Å"Maybe he knows how to Apparate,† said a Ravenclaw a few feet away, â€Å"Just appear out of thin air, you know.† â€Å"Disguised himself, probably,† said a Hufflepuff fifth year. â€Å"He could’ve flown in,† suggested Dean Thomas. â€Å"Honestly, am I the only person who’s ever bothered to read Hogwarts, A History?† said Hermione crossly to Harry and Ron. â€Å"Probably,† said Ron. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Because the castle’s protected by more than walls, you know,† said Hermione. â€Å"There are all sorts of enchantments on it, to stop people entering by stealth. You can’t just Apparate in here. And I’d like to see the disguise that could fool those Dementors. They’re guarding every single entrance to the grounds. They’d have seen him fly in too. And Filch knows all the secret passages, they’ll have them covered†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The lights are going out now!† Percy shouted. â€Å"I want everyone in their sleeping bags and no more talking!† The candles all went out at once. The only light now came from the silvery ghosts, who were drifting about talking seriously to the prefects, and the enchanted ceiling, which, like the sky outside, was scattered with stars. What with that, and the whispering that still filled the hall, Harry felt as though he were sleeping outdoors in a light wind. Once every hour, a teacher would reappear in the Hall to check that everything was quiet. Around three in the morning, when many students had finally fallen asleep, Professor Dumbledore came in. Harry watched him looking around for Percy, who had been prowling between the sleeping bags, telling people off for talking. Percy was only a short way away from Harry, Ron, and Hermione, who quickly pretended to be asleep as Dumbledore’s footsteps drew nearer. â€Å"Any sign of him, Professor?† asked Percy in a whisper. â€Å"No. All well here?† â€Å"Everything under control, sir.† â€Å"Good. There’s no point moving them all now. I’ve found a temporary guardian for the Gryffindor portrait hole. You’ll be able to move them back in tomorrow.† â€Å"And the Fat Lady, sir?† â€Å"Hiding in a map of Argyllshire on the second floor. Apparently she refused to let Black in without the password, so he attacked. She’s still very distressed, but once she’s calmed down, I’ll have Mr Filch restore her.† Harry heard the door of the hall creak open again, and more footsteps. â€Å"Headmaster?† It was Snape. Harry kept quite still, listening hard. â€Å"The whole of the third floor has been searched. He’s not there. And Filch has done the dungeons; nothing there either.† â€Å"What about the Astronomy tower? Professor Trelawney’s room? The Owlery?† â€Å"All searched†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Very well, Severus. I didn’t really expect Black to linger.† â€Å"Have you any theory as to how he got in, Professor?† asked Snape. Harry raised his head very slightly off his arms to free his other ear. â€Å"Many, Severus, each of them as unlikely as the next.† Harry opened his eyes a fraction and squinted up to where they stood; Dumbledore’s back was to him, but he could see Percy’s face, rapt with attention, and Snape’s profile, which looked angry. â€Å"You remember the conversation we had, Headmaster, just before — ah — the start of term?† said Snape, who was barely opening his lips, as though trying to block Percy out of the conversation. â€Å"I do, Severus,† said Dumbledore, and there was something like warning in his voice. â€Å"It seems — almost impossible — that Black could have entered the school without inside help. I did express my concerns when you appointed –â€Å" â€Å"I do not believe a single person inside this castle would have helped Black enter it,† said Dumbledore, and his tone made it so clear that the subject was closed that Snape didn’t reply. â€Å"I must go down to the Dementors,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"I said I would inform them when our search was complete.† â€Å"Didn’t they want to help, sir?† said Percy. â€Å"Oh yes,† said Dumbledore coldly. â€Å"But I’m afraid no Dementor will cross the threshold of this castle while I am Headmaster.† Percy looked slightly abashed. Dumbledore left the hall, walking quickly and quietly. Snape stood for a moment, watching the headmaster with an expression of deep resentment on his face; then he too left. Harry glanced sideways at Ron and Hermione. Both of them had their eyes open too, reflecting the starry ceiling. â€Å"What was all that about?† Ron mouthed. ******** The school talked of nothing but Sirius Black for the next few days. The theories about how he had entered the castle became wilder and wilder; Hannah Abbott, from Hufflepuff, spent much of their next Herbology class telling anyone who’d listen that Black could turn into a flowering shrub. The Fat Lady’s ripped canvas had been taken off the wall and replaced with the portrait of Sir Cadogan and his fat gray pony. Nobody was very happy about this. Sir Cadogan spent half his time challenging people to duels, and the rest thinking up ridiculously complicated passwords, which he changed at least twice a day. â€Å"He’s a complete lunatic,† said Seamus Finnigan angrily to Percy. â€Å"Can’t we get anyone else?† â€Å"None of the other pictures wanted the job,† said Percy. â€Å"Frightened of what happened to the Fat Lady. Sir Cadogan was the only one brave enough to volunteer.† Sir Cadogan, however, was the least of Harry’s worries. He was now being closely watched. Teachers found excuses to walk along corridors with him, and Percy Weasley (acting, Harry suspected, on his mother’s orders) was tailing him everywhere like an extremely pompous guard dog. To cap it all, Professor McGonagall summoned Harry into her office, with such a somber expression on her face Harry thought someone must have died. â€Å"There’s no point hiding it from you any longer, Potter,† she said in a very serious voice. â€Å"I know this will come as a shock to you, but Sirius Black –â€Å" â€Å"I know he’s after me,† said Harry wearily. â€Å"I heard Ron’s dad telling his mum. Mr. Weasley works for the Ministry of Magic.† Professor McGonagall seemed very taken aback. She stared at Harry for a moment or two, then said, â€Å"I see! Well, in that case, Potter, you’ll understand why I don’t think it’s a good idea for you to be practicing Quidditch in the evenings. Out on the field with only your team members, it’s very exposed, Potter –â€Å" â€Å"We’ve got our first match on Saturday!† said Harry, outraged. â€Å"I’ve got to train, Professor!† Professor McGonagall considered him intently. Harry knew she was deeply interested in the Gryffindor team’s prospects; it had been she, after all, who’d suggested him as Seeker in the first Place. He waited, holding his breath. â€Å"Hmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Professor McGonagall stood up and stared out of the window at the Quidditch field, just visible through the rain. â€Å"Well†¦goodness knows, I’d like to see us win the Cup at last†¦but all the same, Potter†¦I’d be happier if a teacher were present. I’ll ask Madam Hooch to oversee your training sessions.† ******** The weather worsened steadily as the first Quidditch match drew nearer. Undaunted, the Gryffindor team was training harder than ever under the eye of Madam Hooch. Then, at their final training session before Saturday’s match, Oliver Wood gave his team some unwelcome news. â€Å"We’re not playing Slytherin!† he told them, looking very angry. â€Å"Flint’s just been to see me. We’re playing Hufflepuff instead.† â€Å"Why?† chorused the rest of the team. â€Å"Flint’s excuse is that their Seeker’s arm’s still injured,† said Wood, grinding his teeth furiously. â€Å"But it’s obvious why they’re doing it. Don’t want to play in this weather. Think it’ll damage their chances†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There had been strong winds and heavy rain all day, and as Wood spoke, they heard a distant rumble of thunder. â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with Malfoy’s arm!† said Harry furiously. â€Å"He’s faking it!† â€Å"I know that, but we can’t prove it,† said Wood bitterly, â€Å"And we’ve been practicing all those moves assuming we’re playing Slytherin, and instead it’s Hufflepuff, and their style’s quite different. They’ve got a new Captain and Seeker, Cedric Diggory –â€Å" Angelina, Alicia, and Katie suddenly giggled. â€Å"What?† said Wood, frowning at this lighthearted behavior. â€Å"He’s that tall, good-looking one, isn’t he?† said Angelina. â€Å"Strong and silent,† said Katie, and they started to giggle again. â€Å"He’s only silent because he’s too thick to string two words together,† said Fred impatiently. â€Å"I don’t know why you’re worried, Oliver, Hufflepuff is a pushover. Last time we played them, Harry caught the Snitch in about five minutes, remember?† â€Å"We were playing in completely different conditions!† Wood shouted, his eyes bulging slightly. â€Å"Diggory’s put a very strong side together! He’s an excellent Seeker! I was afraid you’d take it like this! We mustn’t relax! We must keep our focus! Slytherin is trying to wrong-foot us! We must win!† â€Å"Oliver, calm down!† said Fred, looking slightly alarmed. â€Å"We’re taking Hufflepuff very seriously. Seriously.† ******** The day before the match, the winds reached howling point and the rain fell harder than ever. It was so dark inside the corridors and classrooms that extra torches and lanterns were lit. The Slytherin team was looking very smug indeed, and none more so than Malfoy. â€Å"Ah, if only my arm was feeling a bit better!† he sighed as the gale outside pounded the windows. Harry had no room in his head to worry about anything except the match tomorrow. Oliver Wood kept hurrying up to him between classes and giving him tips. The third time this happened, Wood talked for so long that Harry suddenly realized he was ten minutes late for Defense Against the Dark Arts, and set off at a run with Wood shouting after him, â€Å"Diggory’s got a very fast swerve, Harry, so you might want to try looping him –â€Å" Harry skidded to a halt outside the Defense Against the Dark Arts classroom, pulled the door open, and dashed inside. â€Å"Sorry I’m late, Professor Lupin. I –â€Å" But it wasn’t Professor Lupin who looked up at him from the teacher’s desk; it was Snape. â€Å"This lesson began ten minutes ago, Potter, so I think we’ll make it ten points from Gryffindor. Sit down.† But Harry didn’t move. â€Å"Where’s Professor Lupin?† he said. â€Å"He says he is feeling too ill to teach today,† said Snape with a twisted smile. â€Å"I believe I told you to sit down?† But Harry stayed where he was. â€Å"What’s wrong with him?† Snape’s black eyes glittered. â€Å"Nothing life-threatening,† he said, looking as though he wished it were. â€Å"Five more points from Gryffindor, and if I have to ask you to sit down again, it will be fifty.† Harry walked slowly to his seat and sat down. Snape looked around at the class. â€Å"As I was saying before Potter interrupted, Professor Lupin has not left any record of the topics you have covered so far –â€Å" â€Å"Please, sir, we’ve done Boggarts, Red Caps, Kappas, and Grindylows,† said Hermione quickly, â€Å"and we’re just about to start –â€Å" â€Å"Be quiet,† said Snape coldly. â€Å"I did not ask for information. I was merely commenting on Professor Lupin’s lack of organization.† â€Å"He’s the best Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher we’ve ever had,† said Dean Thomas boldly, and there was a murmur of agreement from the rest of the class. Snape looked more menacing than ever. â€Å"You are easily satisfied. Lupin is hardly overtaxing you — I would expect first years to be able to deal with Red Caps and Grindylows. Today we shall discuss –â€Å" Harry watched him flick through the textbook, to the very back chapter, which he must know they hadn’t covered. â€Å"– werewolves,† said Snape. â€Å"But, sir,† said Hermione, seemingly unable to restrain herself, â€Å"we’re not supposed to do werewolves yet, we’re due to start Hinkypunks –â€Å" â€Å"Miss Granger,† said Snape in a voice of deadly calm, â€Å"I was under the impression that I am teaching this lesson, not you. And I am telling you all to turn to page 394.† He glanced around again. â€Å"All of you! Now!† With many bitter sidelong looks and some sullen muttering, the class opened their books. â€Å"Which of you can tell me how we distinguish between the werewolf and the true wolf?† said Snape. Everyone sat in motionless silence; everyone except Hermione, whose hand, as it so often did, had shot straight into the air. â€Å"Anyone?† Snape said, ignoring Hermione. His twisted smile was back. â€Å"Are you telling me that Professor Lupin hasn’t even taught you the basic distinction between –â€Å" â€Å"We told you,† said Parvati suddenly, â€Å"we haven’t got as far as werewolves yet, we’re still on –â€Å" â€Å"Silence!† snarled Snape. â€Å"Well, well, well, I never thought I’d meet a third-year class who wouldn’t even recognize a werewolf when they saw one. I shall make a point of informing Professor Dumbledore how very behind you all are†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Please, sir,† said Hermione, whose hand was still in the air, â€Å"the werewolf differs from the true wolf in several small ways. The snout of the werewolf –â€Å" â€Å"That is the second time you have spoken out of turn, Miss Granger,† said Snape coolly. â€Å"Five more points from Gryffindor for being an insufferable know-it-all.† Hermione went very red, put down her hand, and stared at the floor with her eyes full of tears. It was a mark of how much the class loathed Snape that they were all glaring at him, because every one of them had called Hermione a know-it-all at least once, and Ron, who told Hermione she was a know-it-all at least twice a week, said loudly, â€Å"You asked us a question and she knows the answer! Why ask if you don’t want to be told?† The class knew instantly he’d gone too far. Snape advanced on Ron slowly, and the room held its breath. â€Å"Detention, Weasley,† Snape said silkily, his face very close to Ron’s. â€Å"And if I ever hear you criticize the way I teach a class again, you will be very sorry indeed.† No one made a sound throughout the rest of the lesson. They sat and made notes on werewolves from the textbook, while Snape prowled up and down the rows of desks, examining the work they had been doing with Professor Lupin. â€Å"Very poorly explained†¦That is incorrect, the Kappa is more commonly found in Mongolia†¦Professor Lupin gave this eight out of ten? I wouldn’t have given it three†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When the bell rang at last, Snape held them back. â€Å"You will each write an essay, to be handed in to me, on the ways you recognize and kill werewolves. I want two rolls of parchment on the subject, and I want them by Monday morning. It is time somebody took this class in hand. Weasley, stay behind, we need to arrange your detention.† Harry and Hermione left the room with the rest of the class, who waited until they were well out of earshot, then burst into a furious tirade about Snape. â€Å"Snape’s never been like this with any of our other Defense Against the Dark Arts teachers, even if he did want the job,† Harry said to Hermione. â€Å"Why’s he got it in for Lupin? D’you think this is all because of the Boggart?† â€Å"I don’t know,† said Hermione pensively. â€Å"But I really hope Professor Lupin gets better soon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ron caught up with them five minutes later, in a towering rage. â€Å"D’you know what that –† (he called Snape something that made Hermione say â€Å"Ron!†) â€Å"– is making me do? I’ve got to scrub out the bedpans in the hospital wing. Without magic!† He was breathing deeply, his fists clenched. â€Å"Why couldn’t Black have hidden in Snape’s office, eh? He could have finished him off for us!† ****** Harry woke extremely early the next morning; so early that it was still dark. For a moment he thought the roaring of the wind had woken him. Then he felt a cold breeze on the back of his neck and sat bolt upright — Peeves the Poltergeist had been floating next to him, blowing hard in his ear. â€Å"What did you do that for?† said Harry furiously. Peeves puffed out his cheeks, blew hard, and zoomed backward out of the room, cackling. Harry fumbled for his alarm clock and looked at it. It was half past four. Cursing Peeves, he rolled over and tried to get back to sleep, but it was very difficult, now that he was awake, to ignore the sounds of the thunder rumbling overhead, the pounding of the wind against the castle walls, and the distant creaking of the trees in the Forbidden Forest. In a few hours he would be out on the Quidditch field, battling through that gale. Finally, he gave up any thought of more sleep, got up, dressed, picked up his Nimbus Two Thousand, and walked quietly out of the dormitory. As Harry opened the door, something brushed against his leg. He bent down just in time to grab Crookshanks by the end of his bushy tail and drag him outside. â€Å"You know, I reckon Ron was right about you,† Harry told Crookshanks suspiciously. â€Å"There are plenty of mice around this place — go and chase them. Go on,† he added, nudging Crookshanks down the spiral staircase with his foot. â€Å"Leave Scabbers alone.† The noise of the storm was even louder in the common room. Harry knew better than to think the match would be canceled; Quidditch matches weren’t called off for trifles like thunderstorms. Nevertheless, he was starting to feel very apprehensive. Wood had pointed out Cedric Diggory to him in the corridor; Diggory was a fifth year and a lot bigger than Harry. Seekers were usually light and speedy, but Diggory’s weight would be an advantage in this weather because he was less likely to be blown off course. Harry whiled away the hours until dawn in front of the fire, getting up every now and then to stop Crookshanks from sneaking up the boys’ staircase again. At long last Harry thought it must be time for breakfast, so he headed through the portrait hole alone. â€Å"Stand and fight, you mangy cur!† yelled Sir Cadogan. â€Å"Oh, shut up,† Harry yawned. He revived a bit over a large bowl of porridge, and by the time he’d started on toast, the rest of the team had turned up. â€Å"It’s going to be a tough one,† said Wood, who wasn’t eating anything. â€Å"Stop worrying, Oliver,† said Alicia soothingly, â€Å"we don’t mind a bit of rain.† But it was considerably more than a bit of rain. Such was the popularity of Quidditch that the whole school turned out to watch the match as usual, but they ran down the lawns toward the Quidditch field, heads bowed against the ferocious wind, umbrellas being whipped out of their hands as they went. just before he entered the locker room, Harry saw Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle, laughing and pointing at him from under an enormous umbrella on their way to the stadium. The team changed into their scarlet robes and waited for Wood’s usual pre-match pep talk, but it didn’t come. He tried to speak several times, made an odd gulping noise, then shook his head hopelessly and beckoned them to follow him. The wind was so strong that they staggered sideways as they walked out onto the field. If the crowd was cheering, they couldn’t hear it over the fresh rolls of thunder. Rain was splattering over Harry’s glasses. How on earth was he going to see the Snitch in this? The Hufflepuffs were approaching from the opposite side of the field, wearing canary-yellow robes. The Captains walked up to each other and shook hands; Diggory smiled at Wood but Wood now looked as though he had lockjaw and merely nodded. Harry saw Madam Hooch’s mouth form the words, â€Å"Mount Your brooms.† He pulled his right foot out of the mud with a squelch and swung it over his Nimbus Two Thousand. Madam Hooch put her whistle to her lips and gave it a blast that sounded shrill and distant — they were off. Harry rose fast, but his Nimbus was swerving slightly with the wind. He held it as steady as he could and turned, squinting into the rain. Within five minutes Harry was soaked to his skin and frozen, hardly able to see his teammates, let alone the tiny Snitch. He flew backward and forward across the field past blurred red and yellow shapes, with no idea of what was happening in the rest of the game. He couldn’t hear the commentary over the wind. The crowd was hidden beneath a sea of cloaks and battered umbrellas. Twice Harry came very close to being unseated by a Bludger; his vision was so clouded by the rain on his glasses he hadn’t seen them coming. He lost track of time. It was getting harder and harder to hold his broom straight. The sky was getting darker, as though night had decided to come early. Twice Harry nearly hit another player, without knowing whether it was a teammate or opponent; everyone was now so wet, and the rain so thick, he could hardly tell them apart†¦ With the first flash of lightning came the sound of Madam Hooch’s whistle; Harry could just see the outline of Wood through the thick rain, gesturing him to the ground. The whole team splashed down into the mud. â€Å"I called for time-out!† Wood roared at his team. â€Å"Come on, under here –â€Å" They huddled at the edge of the field under a large umbrella; Harry took off his glasses and wiped them hurriedly on his robes. â€Å"What’s the score?† â€Å"We’re fifty points up,† said Wood, â€Å"but unless we get the Snitch soon, we’ll be playing into the night.† â€Å"I’ve got no chance with these on,† Harry said exasperatedly, waving his glasses. At that very moment, Hermione appeared at his shoulder; she was holding her cloak over her head and was, inexplicably, beaming. â€Å"I’ve had an idea, Harry! Give me your glasses, quick!† He handed them to her, and as the team watched in amazement, Hermione tapped them with her wand and said, â€Å"Impervius!† â€Å"There!† she said, handing them back to Harry. â€Å"They’ll repel water!† Wood looked as though he could have kissed her. â€Å"Brilliant!† he called hoarsely after her as she disappeared into the crowd. â€Å"Okay, team, let’s go for it!† Hermione’s spell had done the trick. Harry was still numb with cold, still wetter than he’d ever been in his life, but he could see. Full of fresh determination, he urged his broom through the turbulent air, staring in every direction for the Snitch, avoiding a Bludger, ducking beneath Diggory, who was streaking in the opposite direction†¦ There was another clap of thunder, followed immediately by forked lightning. This was getting more and more dangerous. Harry needed to get the Snitch quickly — He turned, intending to head back toward the middle of the field, but at that moment, another flash of lightning illuminated the stands, and Harry saw something that distracted him completely, the silhouette of an enormous shaggy black dog, clearly imprinted against the sky, motionless in the topmost, empty row of seats. Harry’s numb hands slipped on the broom handle and his Nimbus dropped a few feet. Shaking his sodden bangs out of his eyes, he squinted back into the stands. The dog had vanished. â€Å"Harry!† came Wood’s anguished yell from the Gryffindor goal posts. â€Å"Harry, behind you!† Harry looked wildly around. Cedric Diggory was pelting up the field, and a tiny speck of gold was shimmering in the rain-filled air between them†¦ With a jolt of panic, Harry threw himself flat to the broom handle and zoomed toward the Snitch. â€Å"Come on!† he growled at his Nimbus as the rain whipped his face. â€Å"Faster!† But something odd was happening. An eerie silence was falling across the stadium. The wind, though as strong as ever, was forgetting to roar. It was as though someone had turned off the sound, as though Harry had gone suddenly deaf — what was going on? And then a horribly familiar wave of cold swept over him, inside him, just as he became aware of something moving on the field below†¦ Before he’d had time to think, Harry had taken his eyes off the Snitch and looked down. At least a hundred Dementors, their hidden faces pointing up at him, were standing beneath him. It was as though freezing water were rising in his chest, cutting at his insides. And then he heard it again†¦Someone was screaming, screaming inside his head†¦a woman†¦ â€Å"Not Harry, not Harry, please not Harry!† â€Å"Stand aside, you silly girl†¦stand aside, now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Not Harry, please no, take me, kill me instead –â€Å" Numbing, swirling white mist was filling Harry’s brain†¦What was he doing? Why was he flying? He needed to help her†¦She was going to die†¦She was going to be murdered†¦ He was falling, falling through the icy mist. â€Å"Not Harry! Please†¦have mercy†¦have mercy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A shrill voice was laughing, the woman was screaming, and Harry knew no more. â€Å"Lucky the ground was so soft.† â€Å"I thought he was dead for sure.† â€Å"But he didn’t even break his glasses.† Harry could hear the voices whispering, but they made no sense whatsoever. He didn’t have a clue where he was, or how he’d got there, or what he’d been doing before he got there. All he knew was that every inch of him was aching as though it had been beaten. â€Å"That was the scariest thing I’ve ever seen in my life.† Scariest†¦the scariest thing†¦hooded black figures†¦cold†¦screaming†¦ Harry’s eyes snapped open. He was lying in the hospital wing. The Gryffindor Quidditch team, spattered with mud from head to foot, was gathered around his bed. Ron and Hermione were also there, looking as though they’d just climbed out of a swimming pool. â€Å"Harry!† said Fred, who looked extremely white underneath, the mud. â€Å"How’re you feeling?† It was as though Harry’s memory was on fast forward. The lightning†¦the Grim†¦the Snitch†¦and the Dementors†¦ â€Å"What happened?† he said, sitting up so suddenly they all gasped. â€Å"You fell off,† said Fred. â€Å"Must’ve been — what — fifty feet?† â€Å"We thought you’d died,† said Alicia, who was shaking. Hermione made a small, squeaky noise. Her eyes were extremely bloodshot. â€Å"But the match,† said Harry. â€Å"What happened? Are we doing a replay?† No one said anything. The horrible truth sank into Harry like a stone. â€Å"We didn’t — lose?† â€Å"Diggory got the Snitch,† said George. â€Å"Just after you fell. He didn’t realize what had happened. When he looked back and saw you on the ground, he tried to call it off. Wanted a rematch. But they won fair and square†¦even Wood admits it.† â€Å"Where is Wood?† said Harry, suddenly realizing he wasn’t there. â€Å"Still in the showers,† said Fred. â€Å"We think he’s trying to drown himself.† Harry put his face to his knees, his hands gripping his hair. Fred grabbed his shoulder and shook it roughly. â€Å"C’mon, Harry, you’ve never missed the Snitch before.† â€Å"There had to be one time you didn’t get it,† said George. â€Å"It’s not over yet,† said Fred. â€Å"We lost by a hundred points.† â€Å"Right? So if Hufflepuff loses to Ravenclaw and we beat Ravenclaw and Slytherin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Hufflepuff’ll have to lose by at least two hundred points,† said George. â€Å"But if they beat Ravenclaw†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No way, Ravenclaw is too good. But if Slytherin loses against Hufflepuff†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It all depends on the points — a margin of a hundred either way –â€Å" Harry lay there, not saying a word. They had lost†¦for the first time ever, he had lost a Quidditch match. After ten minutes or so, Madam Pomfrey came over to tell the team to leave him in peace. â€Å"We’ll come and see you later,† Fred told him. â€Å"Don’t beat yourself up. Harry, you’re still the best Seeker we’ve ever had.† The team trooped out, trailing mud behind them. Madam Pomfrey shut the door behind them, looking disapproving. Ron and Hermione moved nearer to Harry’s bed. â€Å"Dumbledore was really angry,† Hermione said in a quaking voice. â€Å"I’ve never seen him like that before. He ran onto the field as you fell, waved his wand, and you sort of slowed down before you hit the ground. Then he whirled his wand at the Dementors. Shot silver stuff at them. They left the stadium right away†¦He was furious they’d come onto the grounds. We heard him –â€Å" â€Å"Then he magicked you onto a stretcher,† said Ron. â€Å"And walked up to school with you floating on it. Everyone thought you were†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His voice faded, but Harry hardly noticed. He was thinking about what the Dementors had done to him†¦about the screaming voice. He looked up and saw Ron and Hermione looking at him so anxiously that he quickly cast around for something matter-of-fact to say. â€Å"Did someone get my Nimbus?† Ron and Hermione looked quickly at each other. â€Å"Er –â€Å" â€Å"What?† said Harry, looking from one to the other. â€Å"Well†¦when you fell off, it got blown away,† said Hermione hesitantly. â€Å"And?† â€Å"And it hit — it hit — oh, Harry — it hit the Whomping Willow.† Harry’s insides lurched. The Whomping Willow was a very violent tree that stood alone in the middle of the grounds. â€Å"And?† he said, dreading the answer. â€Å"Well, you know the Whomping Willow,† said Ron. â€Å"It — it doesn’t like being hit.† â€Å"Professor Flitwick brought it back just before you came around,† said Hermione in a very small voice. Slowly, she reached down for a bag at her feet, turned it upside down, and tipped a dozen bits of splintered wood and twig onto the bed, the only remains of Harry’s faithful, finally beaten broomstick. How to cite Chapter 9 Grim Defeat, Essay examples

Product Life Cycle of Jack Daniels free essay sample

Product Life Cycle is the course that a product’s sales and profits take over in lifetime (Kotler, 2009). The Brand that I will be discussing is Jack Daniel’s Distillery, Lem Motlow Prop, Inc. Jack Daniel’s product development was started by Jasper Newton â€Å"Jack† Daniel in 1875 in Lynchburg, Tennessee. Although the company was founded in 1875 it first really started when Minister Rev. Call decided to sell the small distillery operations that he had to Jack, who at the time was only 13 years of age and mourning the recent death of his father. In the period of the sales growth of this product Daniel’s was the first in Tennessee to use hot-air balloons as a promotional tool. He also started the practice of issuing commemorative bottles to celebrate certain events. The Jack Daniel’s name was in fact known in every home in Tennessee at this time because its rise in popularity. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Life Cycle of Jack Daniels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company was given to Jack’s nephew Lew Motlow when he became ill because of gangrene. When he died his nephew took over the company and the name was now Jack Daniels’s Distillery, Lem Motlow. The United States Government issued a report to the company that: â€Å"Your charcoal mellowing process characteristics unknown to bourbons, ryes, and other whiskeys and thus Jack Daniels is officially designated as Tennessee Whiskey†. (Received by Oct. 24, 2009, http://www. vic. com/tnchron/class/jd. htm). Just from this letter alone Motlow knew that the Jack Daniel’s franchise had finally rise to its peak somewhere his uncle Jasper would have never thought. Maturity is the period of slowdown in sales growth because the product the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers (Kotler, 2009). The company went through some hard times during the time of Prohibition in Tennessee. But Motlow was saddened by the fact that he had to shutdown the distillery but instead started mule trading which became the biggest such operations in the southeast. When the Prohibition finally ended, the distillery was opened again. Jack Daniel’s Whiskey is one of the most recognized and used in the bars in the United States and because of this it will always be a well known brand for a long time.

Literary Translation as a Creative Act free essay sample

Literary translation implies the translation of all genres of literature, which include prose, drama and poetry. Literature is described as an apparently nebulous body of knowledge in oral or written form, an imitation of life, which reflects civilization and culture, and which covers every angle of human activities-culture, tradition, entertainment, information among others. It is one of the great creative and universal means of communicating the emotional, spiritual and intellectual concerns of humankind. Literary translation has to do with translating texts written in a literary language, which abounds in ambiguities, homonyms and arbitrariness, as distinct from the language of science or that of administration. Literary language is highly connotative and subjective because each literary author is lexically and stylistically idiosyncratic and through his power of imagination, he uses certain literary techniques such as figures of speech, proverbs and homonyms through which he weaves literary forms. The literary translator is therefore the person who concerns himself with translation of literary texts. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Translation as a Creative Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A literary translator generally respects good writing by taking into account the language, structures, and content, whatever the nature of the text. The literary translator participates in the authors creative activity and then recreates structures and signs by adapting the target language text to the source language text as closely as intelligibility allows. He needs to assess not only the literary quality of the text but also its acceptability to the target reader, and this should be done by having a deep knowledge of the cultural and literary history of both the Source and the Target Languages. Language and culture are closely related and one is indispensable to the other. In fact, language acquires its meaning from the countrys culture. A single language may cross several culture borders. There are generally problems in the translation of cultural words in a literary text unless there is a cultural overlap between the source language and the target language. It is not enough for a translator to know what words are used in the target language; he must also make the reader understand the sense as it is understood by the reader of the original. For instance, in a text where there is a cultural focus, there can be translation problems due to the cultural gap between the source and the target languages. The meaning of a single word or expression is largely derived from its culture. Therefore, translation, being a simple linguistic process, a cultural understanding comes into play because the translator is supposed to produce equivalence and where this does not exist, problems occur. The translator is expected to creatively exploit the altered cultural, linguistic and literary context in order to realize the different potentials of the target language in an act or literary creation since translation is an intercultural activity. Linguistically, each language has its own metaphysics, which determines the spirit of a nation and its behavioral norms, and this is what is known as linguistic relativity. Language directs our intellect and even our sensory perception. Since words or images may vary considerably from one group to another, the translator needs to pay attention to the style, language and vocabulary peculiar to the two languages in question in order to produce an exact translation of the source language text. Thus while translating something from a language to other, the sense and the behavior of the sentence gets changed obscurely. So as to carry the that sense and the behavior of the sentence the original author meant, the translator himself need to be creative, with a good knowledge of both languages, the one translating to and from.